Cellular X Cell Phone Repair Pickering on

1. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26–35. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Murphy L, Schwartz TA, Helmick CG, et al. Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(9):1207–1213. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Lawrence JS, Bremner JM, Bier F. Osteo-arthrosis. Prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and x-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966;25(1):1–24. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP, et al. Modifiers of change in physical functioning in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45(4):331–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, et al. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48(4):271–280. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Zhang Y, Niu J, Kelly-Hayes M, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis and its impact on functional status among the elderly: The Framingham Study. American journal of epidemiology. 2002;156(11):1021–1027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, et al. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(8):914–918. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Jordan JM, Helmick CG, Renner JB, et al. Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(1):172–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Jordan JM, Helmick CG, Renner JB, et al. Prevalence of hip symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic hip osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(4):809–815. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Sowers M, Lachance L, Hochberg M, et al. Radiographically defined osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in young and middle-aged African American and Caucasian women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000;8(2):69–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol. 2007;213(3):626–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Aigner T, Zhu Y, Chansky HH, et al. Reexpression of type IIA procollagen by adult articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(7):1443–1450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Sandell LJ, Aigner T. Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis. An introduction: cell biology of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res. 2001;3(2):107–113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Fukui N, Ikeda Y, Ohnuki T, et al. Regional differences in chondrocyte metabolism in osteoarthritis: A detailed analysis by laser capture microdissection. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):154–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Visco DM, Johnstone B, Hill MA, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of 3-B-(-) and 7-D-4 epitope expression in canine osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(12):1718–1725. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Aigner T, Kim HA, Roach HI. Apoptosis in osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2004;30(3):639–653. xi. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Kuhn K, D'Lima DD, Hashimoto S, et al. Cell death in cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12(1):1–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Burr DB, Radin EL. Microfractures and microcracks in subchondral bone: are they relevant to osteoarthrosis? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2003;29(4):675–685. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Burr DB. The importance of subchondral bone in the progression of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2004;70:77–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Mansell JP, Bailey AJ. Abnormal cancellous bone collagen metabolism in osteoarthritis. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(8):1596–1603. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Sanchez C, Deberg MA, Bellahcene A, et al. Phenotypic characterization of osteoblasts from the sclerotic zones of osteoarthritic subchondral bone. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(2):442–455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Felson DT, Chaisson CE, Hill CL, et al. The Association of Bone Marrow Lesions with Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(7):541–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Felson DT, McLaughlin S, Goggins J, et al. Bone marrow edema and its relation to progression of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(5 Pt 1):330–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Haywood L, McWilliams DF, Pearson CI, et al. Inflammation and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(8):2173–2177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Ayral X, Pickering EH, Woodworth TG, et al. Synovitis: a potential predictive factor of structural progression of medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis -- results of a 1 year longitudinal arthroscopic study in 422 patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(5):361–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. van Beuningen HM, van der Kraan PM, Arntz OJ, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulates articular chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and induces osteophyte formation in the murine knee joint. Lab Invest. 1994;71(2):279–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Spector TD, Hart DJ, Nandra D, et al. Low-level increases in serum C-reactive protein are present in early osteoarthritis of the knee and predict progressive disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(4):723–727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Livshits G, Zhai G, Hart DJ, et al. Interleukin-6 is a significant predictor of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: The Chingford study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):2037–2045. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Felson DT. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: understanding joint vulnerability. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 2004;(427 Suppl):S16–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(5):353–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Chaganti RK, Parimi N, Cawthon P, et al. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prevalent osteoarthritis of the hip in elderly men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):511–514. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, et al. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(5):321–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarth Cartilage. 1995;3(4):261–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Pai YC, Rymer WZ, Chang RW, et al. Effect of age and osteoarthritis on knee proprioception. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(12):2260–2265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Rosenthal AK. Calcium crystal deposition and osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006;32(2):401–412. vii. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Englund M, Guermazi A, Gale D, et al. Incidental meniscal findings on knee MRI in middle-aged and elderly persons. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(11):1108–1115. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Englund M, Guermazi A, Roemer FW, et al. Meniscal tear in knees without surgery and the development of radiographic osteoarthritis among middle-aged and elderly persons: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(3):831–839. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Hill CL, Seo GS, Gale D, et al. Cruciate ligament integrity in osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):794–799. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Strocchi R, De Pasquale V, Facchini A, et al. Age-related changes in human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) collagen fibrils. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia. 1996;101(4):213–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Felson DT, Neogi T. Osteoarthritis: is it a disease of cartilage or of bone? Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(2):341–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Lo GH, Hunter DJ, Nevitt M, et al. Strong association of MRI meniscal derangement and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(6):743–747. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Hunter DJ, Gerstenfeld L, Bishop G, et al. Bone marrow lesions from osteoarthritis knees are characterized by sclerotic bone that is less well mineralized. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(1):R11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Baranyay FJ, Wang Y, Wluka AE, et al. Association of bone marrow lesions with knee structures and risk factors for bone marrow lesions in the knees of clinically healthy, community-based adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;37(2):112–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, et al. The prevalence of chondrocalcinosis in the elderly and its association with knee osteoarthritis: the Framingham Study. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(9):1241–1245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Doherty M, Dieppe P. Clinical aspects of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1988;14(2):395–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Richette P, Bardin T, Doherty M. An update on the epidemiology of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Neame RL, Carr AJ, Muir K, et al. UK community prevalence of knee chondrocalcinosis: evidence that correlation with osteoarthritis is through a shared association with osteophyte. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(6):513–518. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Nalbant S, Martinez JA, Kitumnuaypong T, et al. Synovial fluid features and their relations to osteoarthritis severity: new findings from sequential studies. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11(1):50–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Liu-Bryan R, Pritzker K, Firestein GS, et al. TLR2 signaling in chondrocytes drives calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and monosodium urate crystal-induced nitric oxide generation. J Immunol. 2005;174(8):5016–5023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Punzi L, Ramonda R, Sfriso P. Erosive osteoarthritis. Best practice & research. 2004;18(5):739–758. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Vlychou M, Koutroumpas A, Malizos K, et al. Ultrasonographic evidence of inflammation is frequent in hands of patients with erosive osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Aigner T, Hemmel M, Neureiter D, et al. Apoptotic cell death is not a widespread phenomenon in normal aging and osteoarthritis human articular knee cartilage: a study of proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and viability of chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthritic human knee cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(6):1304–1312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Dowthwaite GP, Bishop JC, Redman SN, et al. The surface of articular cartilage contains a progenitor cell population. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 6):889–897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Alsalameh S, Amin R, Gemba T, et al. Identification of mesenchymal progenitor cells in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1522–1532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Horton WE, Jr., Feng L, Adams C. Chondrocyte apoptosis in development, aging and disease. Matrix Biol. 1998;17(2):107–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Vignon E, Arlot M, Patricot LM, et al. The cell density of human femoral head cartilage. Clin Orthop. 1976;121(121):303–308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Adams CS, Horton WE., Jr Chondrocyte apoptosis increases with age in the articular cartilage of adult animals. Anat Rec. 1998;250(4):418–425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Taniguchi N, Carames B, Ronfani L, et al. Aging-related loss of the chromatin protein HMGB2 in articular cartilage is linked to reduced cellularity and osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(4):1181–1186. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Martin JA, Buckwalter JA. Telomere erosion and senescence in human articular cartilage chondrocytes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(4):B172–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Hayflick L. Intracellular determinants of cell aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 1984;28(2-3):177–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Itahana K, Campisi J, Dimri GP. Mechanisms of cellular senescence in human and mouse cells. Biogerontology. 2004;5(1):1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Campisi J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell. 2005;120(4):513–522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Dai SM, Shan ZZ, Nakamura H, et al. Catabolic stress induces features of chondrocyte senescence through overexpression of caveolin 1: possible involvement of caveolin 1-induced down-regulation of articular chondrocytes in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(3):818–831. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Campisi J, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8(9):729–740. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Wu W, Billinghurst RC, Pidoux I, et al. Sites of collagenase cleavage and denaturation of type II collagen in aging and osteoarthritic articular cartilage and their relationship to the distribution of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(8):2087–2094. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Hollander AP, Pidoux I, Reiner A, et al. Damage to type II collagen in aging and osteoarthritis starts at the articular surface, originates around chondrocytes, and extends into the cartilage with progressive degeneration. J Clin Invest. 1995;96(6):2859–2869. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Aurich M, Poole AR, Reiner A, et al. Matrix homeostasis in aging normal human ankle cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(11):2903–2910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Martin JA, Ellerbroek SM, Buckwalter JA. Age-related decline in chondrocyte response to insulin-like growth factor-I: the role of growth factor binding proteins. J Orthop Res. 1997;15(4):491–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Loeser RF, Shanker G, Carlson CS, et al. Reduction in the chondrocyte response to insulin-like growth factor 1 in aging and osteoarthritis: studies in a non-human primate model of naturally occurring disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(9):2110–2120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Messai H, Duchossoy Y, Khatib A, et al. Articular chondrocytes from aging rats respond poorly to insulin-like growth factor-1: an altered signaling pathway. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000;115(1-2):21–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Dore S, Pelletier JP, DiBattista JA, et al. Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes possess an increased number of insulin-like growth factor 1 binding sites but are unresponsive to its stimulation. Possible role of IGF-1-binding proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(2):253–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Fortier LA, Miller BJ. Signaling through the small G-protein Cdc42 is involved in insulin-like growth factor-I resistance in aging articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(8):1765–1772. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Boehm AK, Seth M, Mayr KG, et al. Hsp90 mediates insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin-1beta signaling in an age-dependent manner in equine articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(7):2335–2343. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Loeser RF, Shanker G. Autocrine stimulation by insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 mediates chondrocyte survival in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(7):1552–1559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Chubinskaya S, Kumar B, Merrihew C, et al. Age-related changes in cartilage endogenous osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1588(2):126–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Loeser RF, Im HJ, Richardson B, et al. Methylation of the OP-1 promoter: potential role in the age-related decline in OP-1 expression in cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(4):513–517. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Blaney Davidson EN, Scharstuhl A, Vitters EL, et al. Reduced transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cartilage of old mice: role in impaired repair capacity. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1338–1347. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. van der Kraan PM, Blaney Davidson EN, van den Berg WB. A role for age-related changes in TGFbeta signaling in aberrant chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(1):201. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Hudelmaier M, Glaser C, Hohe J, et al. Age-related changes in the morphology and deformational behavior of knee joint cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(11):2556–2561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Ding C, Cicuttini F, Scott F, et al. Association between age and knee structural change: a cross sectional MRI based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(4):549–555. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Buckwalter JA, Roughley PJ, Rosenberg LC. Age-related changes in cartilage proteoglycans: quantitative electron microscopic studies. Microsc Res Tech. 1994;28(5):398–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Dudhia J, Davidson CM, Wells TM, et al. Age-related changes in the content of the C-terminal region of aggrecan in human articular cartilage. Biochem J. 1996;313(Pt 3):933–940. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Bayliss MT, Osborne D, Woodhouse S, et al. Sulfation of chondroitin sulfate in human articular cartilage. The effect of age, topographical position, and zone of cartilage on tissue composition. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(22):15892–15900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Wells T, Davidson C, Morgelin M, et al. Age-related changes in the composition, the molecular stoichiometry and the stability of proteoglycan aggregates extracted from human articular cartilage. Biochem J. 2003;370(Pt 1):69–79. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Grushko G, Schneiderman R, Maroudas A. Some biochemical and biophysical parameters for the study of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: a comparison between the processes of ageing and degeneration in human hip cartilage. Connect Tissue Res. 1989;19(2-4):149–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Verzijl N, Bank RA, TeKoppele JM, et al. AGEing and osteoarthritis: a different perspective. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15(5):616–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Thorpe SR, et al. Effect of collagen turnover on the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:39027–39031. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. DeGroot J, Verzijl N, Wenting-van Wijk MJ, et al. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products as a molecular mechanism for aging as a risk factor in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1207–1215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Bank RA, Bayliss MT, Lafeber FP, et al. Ageing and zonal variation in post-translational modification of collagen in normal human articular cartilage. The age-related increase in non-enzymatic glycation affects biomechanical properties of cartilage. Biochem J. 1998;330(Pt 1):345–351. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Verzijl N, DeGroot J, Ben ZC, et al. Crosslinking by advanced glycation end products increases the stiffness of the collagen network in human articular cartilage: a possible mechanism through which age is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(1):114–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Chen AC, Temple MM, Ng DM, et al. Induction of advanced glycation end products and alterations of the tensile properties of articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(12):3212–3217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. DeGroot J, Verzijl N, Bank RA, et al. Age-related decrease in proteoglycan synthesis of human articular chondrocytes: the role of nonenzymatic glycation. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(5):1003–1009. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Solomon A, Murphy CL, Kestler D, et al. Amyloid contained in the knee joint meniscus is formed from apolipoprotein A-I. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3545–3550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Harman D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956;11:298–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Studer R, Jaffurs D, Stefanovic-Racic M, et al. Nitric oxide in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999;7(4):377–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Hiran TS, Moulton PJ, Hancock JT. Detection of superoxide and NADPH oxidase in porcine articular chondrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(5):736–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Tiku ML, Shah R, Allison GT. Evidence linking chondrocyte lipid peroxidation to cartilage matrix protein degradation: Possible role in cartilage aging and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:20069–20076. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Jallali N, Ridha H, Thrasivoulou C, et al. Vulnerability to ROS-induced cell death in ageing articular cartilage: the role of antioxidant enzyme activity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(7):614–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Del Carlo M, Jr., Loeser RF. Increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: Correlation with intracellular glutathione levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3419–3430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Ruiz-Romero C, Calamia V, Mateos J, et al. Mitochondrial dysregulation of osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes analyzed by proteomics: A decrease in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase points to a redox imbalance. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Aigner T, Fundel K, Saas J, et al. Large-scale gene expression profiling reveals major pathogenetic pathways of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3533–3544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Loeser RF, Carlson CS, Carlo MD, et al. Detection of nitrotyrosine in aging and osteoarthritic cartilage: Correlation of oxidative damage with the presence of interleukin-1beta and with chondrocyte resistance to insulin-like growth factor 1. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(9):2349–2357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Davies CM, Guilak F, Weinberg JB, et al. Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in interleukin-1-mediated DNA damage associated with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(5):624–630. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Grishko VI, Ho R, Wilson GL, et al. Diminished mitochondrial DNA integrity and repair capacity in OA chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(1):107–113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Yudoh K, Nguyen T, Nakamura H, et al. Potential involvement of oxidative stress in cartilage senescence and development of osteoarthritis: oxidative stress induces chondrocyte telomere instability and downregulation of chondrocyte function. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(2):R380–391. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Yin W, Park JI, Loeser RF. Oxidative stress inhibits insulin-like growth factor-I induction of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis through differential regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt and MEK-ERK MAPK signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(46):31972–31981. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Zushi S, Akagi M, Kishimoto H, et al. Induction of bovine articular chondrocyte senescence with oxidized low-density lipoprotein through lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):3007–3016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Henrotin YE, Bruckner P, Pujol JP. The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11(10):747–755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Nelson KK, Melendez JA. Mitochondrial redox control of matrix metalloproteinases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37(6):768–784. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Kurz B, Jost B, Schunke M. Dietary vitamins and selenium diminish the development of mechanically induced osteoarthritis and increase the expression of antioxidative enzymes in the knee joint of STR/1N mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002;10(2):119–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Nakagawa S, Arai Y, Mazda O, et al. N-acetylcysteine prevents nitric oxide-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degeneration in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(2):156–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Martin JA, McCabe D, Walter M, et al. N-acetylcysteine inhibits post-impact chondrocyte death in osteochondral explants. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(8):1890–1897. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(4):648–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cellular X Cell Phone Repair Pickering on

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920876/